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Gutta Percha ( G.P )
Gutta Percha :
Gutta percha is -
* Elastic type of impression material
* Root Canal Filling material
* Chemically it is an isomer of rubber
Source of G.P:
Gutta percha is obtain from the milky juice of various Malaysian Sapotaceous tree especially Balaquium Gutta as latex by the process of tapping the juice thus obtained by tapping coagulated by boiling in water
purification :
It is very important to purify G.P as completely as possible other wise it becomes oxidize & distort its property rapidly The purification is done by washing the crude gutta percha in hot water when the heavier particles settle to the bottom and the lighters are float then removed. Then it is heated by steam , while soft it is made into sticks, cones or blocks of the required size &shape.
pic:- Gutta percha
Composition of Gutta percha :
1. Gutta
2. Resinous Substance 20% - 30%
3.Some elastic material also incorporated with it ,as
a)ZnO
b)Waxes
c) Fatty acid
d) Addition of the silica ( Powdered)
pic :-Gutta percha
Properties of Gutta percha:
1.
Normally it is hard at hot water or heat it becomes soft & plastic & can be easily moulded. On cooling it again becomes hard.
Normally it is hard at hot water or heat it becomes soft & plastic & can be easily moulded. On cooling it again becomes hard.
2.
It is insoluble in water & partially soluble in ether , alcohol, or acetone.
It is insoluble in water & partially soluble in ether , alcohol, or acetone.
3.
This is completely dissolved in chlorofrom , Carbon tetra chloride or carbon-di sulfide.
This is completely dissolved in chlorofrom , Carbon tetra chloride or carbon-di sulfide.
4.
It is radio opaque .
It is radio opaque .
5.
It flowers under the stresses of mastication .
6.
It does not seal the margin of cavity tightly which tends to increase the sensibility of the dentin.
7.
It is inert & porous in nature .
It flowers under the stresses of mastication .
6.
It does not seal the margin of cavity tightly which tends to increase the sensibility of the dentin.
7.
It is inert & porous in nature .
DENTAL CARIES
About Dental Caries:
Dental caries is a pathogenic process of microbial etiology that result into localized destruction of tooth tissues.
It is a multi-factorial disease involving the following factors:
1. The host -particularly saliva and teeth.
ii. The microflora and their substrate.
iii. Diet
iv. Time .
so, caries requires a susceptible host a cariogenic oral flora and a suitable substrate , all of which must be present together for a sufficient length of time .
Dental caries
Type of Dental Caries
Caries are of different types------
* Pits and Fissure caries.
** Smooth surface caries
*** Root caries
**** Deep dentinal caries
Dental caries
Prevention of Dental Caries:
We know , dental caries requires a susceptable host , a cariogenic oral flora and a suitable substrate, all of which must be present together for a sufficient length of time .
so ,caries prevention is based on the following attempt.....
a) By increasing the resistance of the host (By Fluoride therapy
Occusal sealants
Immunization )
b) By lowering the number of micro-organisms in contact with the tooth ( Plaque control by anti plaque agents )
c) Modification of the substrate by taking non cariogenic foodstuffs.
d) By reducing the time of the substrate to be in the mouth by limiting the frequency of intake as well as by increasing the frequency of mouth cleaning.
FLUORIDE against CARIES
About Fluoride
Though the mechanism of clinical effect of fluoride is still debated but fluoride has been used widely in dentistry from many years in terms of caries prevention .
Fluoride therapy for the prevention of dental caries is considered under two main headings....
1. Systemic Fluoridation
2. Topical Fluoridation
Systemic Fluoridation :
a) Fluoridation of communal water : An optimal level of fluoride in the water supply provides significant protection against caries. The optimal concentration depends on the annual average temperature of the community as temperature influences the amount of daily water intake. Temperature ranging between 14.7d c to 17.7d c the optimal level of fluoride is 1.00 p.p.m.In a warmer climate slightly less than 1ppm is sufficient.The effect of fluoride in drinking water persists in adulthood if fluoridated water is consumed in between 8 to 18 years of age
-i.e during tooth formation and mineralization .
b) Fluoride supplements like tablet, drops , lozenges, table salt , vitamin , etc offer an alternative source of systemic fluoridation where water fluoridation is not feasible. These suppliments are usually administerd continuously on a daily basics front birth to the pre-erruptive maturation of permanent teeth .
Topical fluoridation:
These are the mouth washes , water soluble gels , pastes , chewinggum etc. It is thought that enhanced protection occurs if the teeth are exposed to fluoride shortly after erruption because the enamel surface is very much reactive in this time and absorbs additional fluoride rapidly. A number of fluoride salts and formulation containing fluoride have been assessed including fluoride of stannous , lead and Vanadium as well as mono fluro phosphate (MFP) and fluorides.
DENTAL FILLING MATERIAL
About Dental Filling Material
Usually due to caries ,some part of a tooth lost its anatomical structure and physiological function which further undergoes into a difficult condition resulting extraction of that tooth.So in its primary condition it must be prevented from further decay, which is done by a filling material.
Classification:
Filling Material
1) Metallic filling material
eg -Direct filling gold &its alloys Amalgam restoration
2) Non-Metallic filling material
* Dental cement
* Resin bonded material
* Endodontics material
eg- gutta-percha
Properties of Filling Material :
a) Main characteristics -
1. Filling Material should be non-irritant to the pulp and gingiva.
2. Filling Material should be cariostatics in nature.
3. Filling Material should not dissolve or erode in saliva or in fluids taken into mouth.
b) Mechanical properties -
1. Filling Material should have adequate strength to withstand the forces of mastication .
2. Filling Material should be abrasion resistant to dentifrice & constituent of food .
c) Thermal properties :
1. Co-efficient of thermal expansion should be similar to that of enamel & dentine otherwise it produces marginal leakage.
2. It should exhibit low thermal conductivity .
d) Other properties :
1. Filling Material should be cohesive & not adhesive in nature .
2. Filling Material should be radio opaque so that detection of secondary caries may be possible .
3. Filling Material should not shows cold flow.
next ..................DENTAL CEMENT
MOUTHWASH
What Is Mouthwash ?
A mouthwash is generally regarded as medicated liquid used for cleaning or treating diseased states of the oral mucous membrane.
But most of the mouth washes are used to maintain oral hygiene as well as cosmetic purpose.
Uses of Mouthwash :
1) It is use for the comfort of the patient as it is helpful in painful conditions of oral disease .
2) Mouthwash is used to maintain oral hygiene -it has some germicidal effect.
3) Mouthwash acts as a scavenger for cleansing mouth.
4) Cosmetically it is used to remove bad odour of mouth.
Role of Mouthwash in Dentistry :
In dentistry , mouthwash is used as following --
a) For rinsing and spraying purpose after operative procedures.
b) Following instrumentation.
In the cases , the use of mouthwash adds comfort to the patient and makes the patient to feel that his mouth is clean and cure due to pleasant taste , odour and colour of the mouthwash.
Impression Materials
What is Impression Material?
Impression Materials :- The materials which is use to take an impression is known as Impression Materials.
Ideal properties of impression materials :
Best of the ideal properties of impression material given as follows -
1) The impression material should be elastic in nature &have a good plasticity .
2) The impression material should have a good flow ,so that it ready flows into the cervices & undercuts.
3) It should have a viscid consistency , that is it should not be too thick or too thin in consistency.
4) The impression material should have a low specific heat , so that it does not burn or scaled the soft oral tissues .
5) It should produce fine & sharp details of the standing teeth & oral tissues.
6) It should be easily manipulable ¬ require any elaborated technique.
7) It should allows a sufficient working time & should set rapidly in mouth .
8) The impression material should not irritant & should not content any harmful ingredients which is injurious to the tissues.
9) The impression material should have pleasant co lour , taste & o dour.
10) It should be easily available & cheap.
Classification of impression material with examples
Impression materials mainly classify into two main groups according to their elasticity which is given bellow by a flow chart.
Impression Material
a) Non-elastic Rigid
Plastic--- Thermoplastic
----Paste
b) Elastic
---Hydro colloid
Reversible
Irreversible
---Elastomer
Poly-ether
Silicon =
=Condensation silicon
=Polymerized silicon
Polysulphide
Rubber base
Mercaptan
Thiokol
-=-=-=-=-=-impressions materials=-=-=-=-=-=-
Impression
What is Impression ?
In dentistry, an impression is defined as the negative imprint of the natural standing teeth & surrounding supporting oral tissues.
Classification of Impression .
1. Primary Impression
2. Wash Impression
3. Final Impression
Primary Impression : When the impression is taken to see the gross outline of the teeth & oral cavity at first stage usually by the impression compound is primary impression .
Wash Impression : If an impression is taken to correct an incomplete impression with a thin section of alginate or paste impression material over the incomplete impression is called wash impression .
Wash Impression
Final impression : The impression of the edentulous jaw from which a final dental construction is carried out is called wash impression.
Final Impression
Why we Take Impression ?
We know that the oral tissues are soft & sensitive , So it is not possible to make artificial appliances or restoration in oral cavities. For this reason, we take an impression of oral cavity & subsequently on which a model or cast is prepared and other steps of dental construction are carried out.
Sterilization
What is sterilization ?
Sterilization is the process by which all viable micro-organisms including theirs spores are killed.
OR
Sterilization may be defined as a process by which an article is made free from all viable micro-organisms and their spores.
Object of sterilization:
1.Medical, dental and surgical instruments those involve penetration into blood ,tissues and other parts of the living body requires Sterilization to prevents infection .
e.g. - surgical operation , intravenous infusion , hypodermic injection ,diagnostic aspiration etc......
2. In microbiology the culture media , suspending fluids, re-agents, containers and equipment used requires sterilization of pure culture.
3. In pharmaceutical laboratories , sterilization is essential for the production of bacteria free medicine
Different types of sterilization:
Sterilization is mainly classified into
a) Physical process.
b) chemical process.
c) Filtration.
Physical process for Sterilization is again consists of
** Heat
** Radiation.
Autoclave sterilization
Acute Alveolar Abscess
 |
| Picture of Alveolar abscess |
About Alveolar Abscess
Ii is a chemical bacterial and mechanical irritation but usually due to bacterial invasion from death pulp tissue.
symptoms :
1.Local symptomTenderness of the tooth remove by continuous slight process. Patient has throbbing sever pain with swelling of the overlying soft tissue.When swelling become extensive ,it result into cellulite and the patients facial changes.
2.Systemic symptom.
Fever, Irritation, etc
Diagnosis of Alveolar Abscess
 |
| Symptom of Alveolar Abscess |
1.Clinical examination :
Tooth may be easily treated when infection has progress to develop periodontists due to elongation of the tooth out of socket . Tooth will be tender on percussion . Thermal test no response.
2. Radiography :
Cavity or faulty filling in the tooth ,along with thicken periodontal ligament and evidence of breakdown of bone in topical region.
The Emergency Treatment of Alveolar Abscess.
 |
| Drainage of Alveolar Abscess |
Treatment should be aim of converting the acute condition to a chronic one as acute condition to a chronic one as quickly as possible and chronic one as quickly as possible and then attempting remove the cause .Drainage is instituted .Relief the bite .Suitable antibiotic is given orally .If the abscess fluent and ready to discharge , it may be incised and the wound kept open with a "H" shape rubber dam . The incision should be made at the most depend part of swelling.
